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Gnawa [Gnaoua] Collection mp3 fixed

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Gnawa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



Gnawas circa 1920s



Gnawa or Gnaoua (Arabic alphabet: ?????) refers to an ethnic group and a Sufi religious order in Morocco, in part
descended from former slaves from Sub-Saharan Africa or black Africans who migrated in caravans with the trans-Saharan
trade, or a combination of both.



Etymology



The name appears to originate from the Saharan Berber dialect word aguinaw (or agenaou) (Arabic: ?????), meaning
"black (men)". This word in turn is possibly derived from the name of a city significant in the 11th century,
in what is now western Mali, called Gana, in Arabic Ghana or Jenna and in Portuguese and later French Guinea or
Jenné.



History



The Gnawa population is generally believed to originate from the Sahelian region of West and Central Africa, which had
long and extensive trading and political ties with the Maghreb and Algeria specifically, including gold and slave
trades.



Popular history particularly credits the Moroccan Sultan Ahmed Al Mansour Ad-Dahbi's conquest in 1591 of part of the
Songhai Empire, in particular Timbuktu, with bringing large numbers of captives and slaves back across the Sahara to
form the Gnawa. However, the slave and gold trade with sub-Saharan African states had existed for centuries prior to
al-Mansur's conquest, and it is unlikely the Gnawa community was in fact formed from one invasion but rather over
centuries.



While adopting Islam, Gnawa continued to celebrate ritual possession during rituals where they are devoted to the
practice of the dances of possession and fright. This rite of possession is called Jedba (Arabic: ????), and proceeds
the night (laila, Arabic: ????) that is animated jointly by a master musician (maâlem, Arabic: ????) accompanied
by his troupe. Gnawa music mixes classical Islamic Sufism with pre-Islamic African traditions, whether local or
sub-Saharan.



Many modern Western scholars see parallels between African American music such as the blues, that is rooted in Black
American slave songs, and Gnawa music as well as Sufi tariqa. This influence also resonates from other spiritual
sub-Saharan black groups such as the Bori in Nigeria, the Stambouli in Tunisia, the Sambani in Libya, the Bilali in
Algeria and those outside Africa such as the Voodoo religion or the Candomble in Brazil. These similarities in the
artistic and scriptural representations are seen by such scholars as reflecting a shared experience of many African
diasporic groups.



Gnawa and music

Main article: Gnawa music



The term Gnawa musicians generally refers to people who also practice healing rituals, with apparent ties to pre-Islamic
African animism rites. In Moroccan popular culture, Gnawas, through their ceremonies, are considered to be experts in
the magical treatment of scorpion stings and psychic disorders. They heal diseases by the use of colors, condensed
cultural imagery, perfumes and fright.



Gnawas play deeply hypnotic trance music, marked by low-toned, rhythmic sintir melodies, call-and-response singing, hand
clapping and cymbals called krakeb (plural of karkaba). Gnawa ceremonies use music and dance to evoke ancestral saints
who can drive out evil, cure psychological ills, or remedy scorpion stings.



Gnawa music has won an international profile and appeal. Many Western musicians including Bill Laswell, Randy Weston,
Adam Rudolph, Robert Plant and Jimmy Page, have drawn on and collaborated with Gnawa musicians. Some traditionalists
regard modern collaborations as a mixed blessing, leaving or modifying sacred traditions for more explicitly commercial
goals. International recording artists such as Hassan Hakmoun have introduced Gnawa music and dance to Western audiences
through their recordings and concert performances.



The centre for Gnawa music is Essaouira in the South of Morocco where the Gnaoua World Music Festival is held annually.
The Gnawa of Marrakesh hold their annual festival at the sanctuary of Moulay Brahim in the Atlas Mountains.



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